Vibratory and Impact-Vibration Hammer Technology

	Vulcan was involved in a great deal of research on vibratory technology. Most of this is presented on this page. It can be broken down into three parts: Arcticles and Monographs written by Vulcan personnel, during and after Vulcan's existence Material from the Soviet Union and Russia, the home of vibratory and impact-vibration technology Other material, including research projects Unless otherwise noted, the links below are to pdf files.
Articles and Monographs by Vulcan personnel
Development of a Parameter Selection Method for Vibratory Pile Driver Design with Hammer Suspension	This paper details the mathematical modelling of vibratory pile driving systems using a linear model with the objective of obtaining a closed form solution to estimate either the power requirement of the machine, the torque requirement of the motor driving the eccentrics, or both. It begins by reviewing the system model for the system without a suspension, which is used to enable connection of the vibrating machine with a crane, a mast of a dedicated machine, or an excavator. It proceeds to solve the equations of motion for a system with a suspension, using Laplace transforms and solving the inverse transform using residues and complex integration. The model indicates that, under certain conditions, both the amplitude and the power consumption of the system increase with a suspension, but the results make the practical implications of the result uncertain. Finally a simple set of equations is developed for actual vibratory design which results in the suspension being ignored and the necessary torque of the driving motor computed.
Letter to Michael O'Neill re Wave Equation Analysis Program for Vibratory Hammers	Vulcan correspondence which gives important information for wave equation analysis of vibratory hammers, along with other inportant information on vibratory hammer theory.
Survey of Methods for Computing the Power Transmission of Vibratory Hammers	This paper is a survey of analytical methods used to calculate the power consumption and transmission of vibratory hammers used in the installation of piles. The paper discusses the parameters, derivation, and comparative usefulness of various methods of computing the power consumption of these machines. The paper also discusses the importance of torque calculations as well as power calculations. The power consumption of vibratory hammers is important because a) many of the existing methods for estimating the resistance and/or bearing capacity of the piles use power consumption as a parameter, and b) methods being developed to determine the bearing capacity and drivability of piles driven by vibration will probably use these methods. Suggestions for further research in this field, including factors to consider in modelling power transmission and consumption, are set forth.
Vibratory and Impact-Vibration Pile Driving Equipment	This article is an overview of the application and vibratory and impact-vibration pile driving equipment. It includes the history of the development of the equipment, the types of piles that can be driven with this type of equipment, a description of the safe operation of the equipment, and an extensive treatment of methods of determining drivability and capacity of piles driven by vibratory and impact-vibration hammers.
Material from the Soviet Union and Russia
Russian Impact-Vibration Pile Driving Equipment (web page)	This article is an overview of both the development and present status of impact-vibration hammer, with special emphasis on the situation in the Russian Federation. This last point is significant because the technology was originally developed there. An appendix to explain unfamiliar aspects of the old Soviet economic system as they relate to this article is also included, as is a bibliography.
Vibratory Machines for Sinking Piles: Vibratory Pile Drivers (web page format)	An extract from a Soviet book on the subject of vibratory pile drivers, showing the types of vibratory drivers in use in the late Soviet period and also some of the other machines available (especially the Japanese units.) Also includes the Savinov and Luskin method for sizing a vibratory hammer for a particular application.
Vibro-Engineering and the Technology of Piling and Boring Work Mikhail Grigorevich (M.G.) Tseitlin Vladimir Vladimirovich (V.V.) Verstov Gennady Grigorevich (G.G.) Azbel Stroiizdat, Leningrad Otdelenie Leningrad, 1987 (Translated from the Russian)	A comprehensive treatment of all aspects of vibratory and impact-vibratory technology and its application to the installation of piles and caissons for bored piles. General Information Foundation of the theory of vibratory driving and extraction Vibration and Impact Vibration Immersion Vibratory technology for production piling Vibratory Technology of the manufacture drilled works for contractors Vibratory technology for the production of some appearances of special construction works The English translation covers about half of the work.
Other Materials
Axial Response of Three Vibratory and Three Impact Driven H-Piles in Sand Jean-Louis Briaud Larry M. Tucker Briaud Engineers	U.S. Army Corps of Engineeers Miscellaneous Paper GL-88-28 August 1988 A research program to compare the ultimate axial capacity of vibratory and iumpact driven H-piles in sand was conducted at a San Francisco, CA, site. The effects of time-lapse after driving was also studied. The piles were instrumented so that both pile tip loads and load transfer along the pile could be determined.
Comparison of Axial Capacity of Vibratory-Driven Piles to Impact-Driven Piles Reed L. Mosher U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiement Station	Technical Report ITL-87-7 September 1987 This technical report documents the findings of an investigation into the effects on the axial capacity of piles driven by vibratory pile - driving hammers. The investigation stems from the concern that foundation engineers in the Lower Mississippi Valley Division of the US Army Corps of Engineers had over the unexpected low capacities found during the pile test at Red River Lock and Dam No. 1. While driving piles with a vibratory hammer increases productivity up to 10 to 20 times over the use of an impact hammer, there is a significant reduction in the axial capacity of the piles driven with a vibratory hammer. The study revealed that this reduction was a result of a loss in the load carried by the tip . The report documents a number of pile testing programs t h a t were performed to make direct comparison between vibratory-driven piles and impact-driven piles.
Vibro-Driveability: A Field Study of Vibratory Driven Sheet Piles in Non-Cohesive Soils Kenneth Viking Royal Institute of Technology Webmaster's note: this study is, in our opinion, the most comprehensive study to date on the subject of vibro-driveability of piles. It includes a complete literature search, laboratory testing and field testing.	The most commonly used method to drive sheet piles is the vibratory driving technique; main reasons being the shorter installation time, less disturbance to the surroundings, and reduced damages to the driven sheet pile compared to impact driven sheet piles. It has become a desire to better predict the driveability, i.e. determine if it is possible to drive a certain sheet pile profile to desired penetration depth in a certain soil profile. The main problem to fulfil this desire lies in the lack of understanding of the fundamental mechanism behind the degradation of the penetrative soil resistance due to the continuous sheet pile motion. This thesis constitutes the final report in the research project Vibro-driveability and dynamic soil resistance in non-cohesive soils within the Swedish Building Contractors Foundation (SBUF). This thesis presents the results of a study of full-scale, vibratory-driven sheet piles in non-cohesive soils. The primary objective of the study has been to develop a better understanding of the different mechanism and dynamic pile-soil interaction during vibratory installation of steel sheet piles. This has been achieved by dividing the present study into the following three parts: (i) a literature review, (ii) an experimental part, and finally (iii) an analytical part, where the results of two pre-existing prediction (simulation) models were compared with the results of the experimental study. The thesis presents the results of a limited series of full-scale field tests where both the driveability and the ground vibrations generated during driving have been continuously monitored. In the light of these results, the thesis discusses how the complexity of vibro-driveability and the prediction of the induced vibration can be broken down and described in three subparts, namely: vibrator-related, sheet-pile-related, and soil-related parameters. The fundamental mechanisms behind the shear strength reduction in cohesionless soils using the vibratory-technique to drive sheet piles have been explained. It appears as though the key phenomena behind the shear strength reduction observed during the vibratory installation of piles is not related solely to the liquefaction induced in saturated granular soils, since the shear strength reduction has also been found in laboratory tests on air-dried granular soils. Previously neglected, vibrator-equipment-related parameters, as well as sheetpile- related parameters significantly affecting the vibro-driveability have been discussed in the light of the effects revealed during the field tests. The vibro-driveability results from the field studies have been compared with the two vibro-driveability models, Vibdrive and Vipere, both of which were developed at University Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. The semi-empirical Vibdrive model has been used to study the predicted magnitude of the soil shear-strength reduction (the penetrative resistance) during vibratory driving, and how this is affected by variation in the two fundamental mechanisms. The semi-numerical Vipere model has been used to study the predicted magnitude of (i) the variation of soil resistance over time, and (ii) penetration speed versus depth during vibratory driving. These results have been correlated with the field test results.

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